The impact of long-term abacus training on modular properties of functional brain network.

Training induces cognitive and neural plasticity, and understanding of the neural mechanisms of training-induced brain plasticity has significant implications for improving children's academic achievement. Previous studies have indicated that training in abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) improves arithmetical capacities and results in brain plasticity within visuospatial brain regions. However, previous studies have reported alterations within distributed brain regions. Thus, it remains unclear whether and how AMC training influences the functional integration and separation between and/or within networks. The current study aimed to address these questions using graph theory, engaging 162 children, 90 of whom were given long-term AMC training. The AMC group exhibited greater local efficiency and intra-module connections within the visual network and less local efficiency and intra-module connections in the cingulo-opercular network (CON). Interestingly, in the AMC group, negative correlations were found between local efficiency and intra-module connections across the two networks. Furthermore, both network characteristics of the CON were negatively correlated with math ability in the AMC group. No such correlations were found in the control group. The current study delineated the enhanced neural mechanisms of visuospatial-related brain regions at an intermediate level and highlighted the intrinsic association between different brain ensembles in neural plasticity, thus furthering the understanding of the effects of AMC training on brain network reconfiguration.