Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) represents the third cause in postnatal mortality. The pathogenesis is multifactorial. SIDS victims can present sign of preexisting chronic asphyxia, persistent increase in dendritic spine and delayed maturation of synapses in medullary respiratory centers, if a decreased reactivity of 5 hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) and 5-HT2A in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, solitary nucleus and ventrolateral medulla. SIDS is an exclusion diagnosis, so that inexplicable SIDS is the accepted term. The objective of this report is to present current data about the pathogenesis oh this syndrome and the medico-legal measures applied in preventive and curative aim. The “face-up” sleeping position has cut in half the SIDS frequency. In conclusion, the infant sleep studies represent an important line for the future research to provide sufficient explanation of the sudden death in these infants.
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