Physiological characterization of the emergence from diapause: A transcriptomics approach.

Organisms inhabiting high-latitude environments have evolved adaptations, such as diapause to time reproduction and growth to optimize their survival. However, the physiological regulation of the timing of complex life histories is poorly understood, particularly for marine copepods, that diapause at depth. A member of the pelagic community of the sub-Arctic Pacific Ocean, Neocalanus flemingeri enters diapause in June. Egg production occurs in winter/spring. In order to characterize the transition from diapause to egg release, females were collected in late September from 400-700 m depth, incubated in the dark at 4-5 °C and sampled for RNASeq at weekly intervals. The diapause phenotype showed down-regulation of protein turnover and up-regulation of stress genes. Activation of the reproductive program was marked by the up-regulation of genes involved in germline development. Thereafter, progress through phases of oocyte development could be linked to changes in gene expression. At 5 weeks, females showed up-regulation of spermatogenesis, indicating that stored sperm had been in a quiescent stage and completed their maturation inside the female. Gene expression profiles provide a framework to stage field-collected females. The 7-week progression from diapause to late oogenesis suggests that females typically spawning in January initiated the reproductive program in November.