Aims And Objectives: Nicotine absorption through the mucous membrane is directly proportional to pH, so the snuff is buffered to pH of 8-9 by adding sodium carbonate. The objective of the present study is to assess the impact of various forms of sodium carbonate in snuff on mucosal conditions.
Materials And Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 participants. Snuff users adding sodium carbonate were further splitted into two groups, that is, one group using sodium carbonate in premixed form, that is, (already mixed within pouches) and other group adding sodium carbonate separately (freshly mixed). The parametric one-way (ANOVA) of variance, stepwise regression analysis, and multiple logistic regression analysis have been done to narrate the relationship between variables of different forms of sodium carbonate in snuff and different oral conditions.
Results: The statistics of our study reveals highly significant relationship between snuff users using sodium carbonate in freshly mixed (0.001**) form than that of premixed form ( = 0.030*).
Conclusion: The present study narrates that there seems to be liaison between the use of sodium carbonate in snuff and oral mucosal lesions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_134_18 | DOI Listing |
Membranes (Basel)
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Iodine, being an important resource, must be recovered and reused. Iodine is not only attracted to the hydrophobic silicone membrane but also easily vaporized. In this study, we explored the use of five types of silicone hollow fiber membrane modules (SFMMs) for separating iodine in the gaseous phase.
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Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea.
Sodium carbonate is an abundant, low-cost, and low-hazard raw material widely used as a food additive and CO absorbent in the food industry. However, its application in food packaging is limited because it is used in solid form, either in sachets or as a compounding ingredient in plastics. Solid sodium carbonate requires an external moisture supply for CO absorption, with its performance dependent on moisture availability.
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Department of Engineering and Technology, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró Campus, Mossoró 59625-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
Alginate films were prepared from the brown seaweed Dictyota mertensii using glycerol as a plasticizer. The effects of extraction conditions-time, temperature, and NaCO concentration-on the optical, barrier, and mechanical properties of the films were investigated using a central composite design (CCD). ANOVA and F tests confirmed the models' statistical significance at p ≤ 0.
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January 2025
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
Seawater intrusion and human activities have significantly impacted coastal groundwater quality in many regions worldwide. This study systematically assessed groundwater chemistry, its suitability for drinking and irrigation (sample size, n = 3034), and exposure risks (n = 2863) across three key sub-regions of the Bohai Sea area: Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, and Laizhou Bay. Significant seasonal variations observed in groundwater chemistry at different depths in Bohai Bay region, with severe contamination from salinity-alkalinity and nitrogen-fluoride.
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Engineering Research Center for Hemp and Product in Cold Region of Ministry of Education, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
At present, the use of conventional reactive dyes on banana-fiber fabric leads to the problem of excessive salt consumption, which is not conducive to environmental protection. In this experimental study, rare-earth-pretreated banana-fiber fabric was dyed with the reactive dye Argazol Navy Blue. The rare-earth pretreatment was carried out to reduce the level of salt consumption, improve dyeing and fixation rates, and reduce the treatment burden of printing and dyeing wastewater.
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