Application of paclobutrazol: a strategy for inducing lodging resistance of wheat through mediation of plant height, stem physical strength, and lignin biosynthesis.

Lodging is a major constraint contributing to poor grain yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. The use of plant growth regulators is becoming a foremost agro-chemical approach for minimizing the risk of lodging in cereal crops. The present study was conducted to examine the effects of the paclobutrazol application on culm physical strength, lignin content, and lodging resistance of wheat. Wheat seeds were soaked in paclobutrazol at the concentrations of 0 (CK, as control), 200 (PB1), 300 (PB2), and 400 (PB3) mg L. Our results showed that paclobutrazol resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of plant height, internode length, and center of gravity height. Paclobutrazol treatments evidently increased the culm diameter, culm filling degree, and wall thickness of basal internodes, resulting in greater stalk-breaking strength and lodging resistance index (CLRI), where their maximum values were obtained with PB1 treatment. In addition, the activities of lignin-related enzymes were improved by paclobutrazol, particularly at low concentration, which increased the lignin accumulation of the basal internodes of wheat, subsequently improving the capability of stalk lodging resistance. Moreover, the correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between stem diameter, culm filling degree, and lignin with stalk bending strength and CLRI. The paclobutrazol concentration ≥ 300 mg L (PB2 and PB3 treatments) showed inhibitive effects on various culm morphological traits. These results suggest that not only the plant height, but also the lignin contents and physical strength of internodes are closely related with the lodging resistance of wheat, and reduction in plant height along with improved culm morphological characteristics and higher lignin accumulation in basal internodes could effectively relieve the risk of lodging.