Circadian rhythms, evident in a wide variety of physiological and behavioural parameters, are under the control of central neural pacemakers, the best characterized of which is the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The neurophysiological mechanisms involved in central pacemaker function are unknown. Recent biochemical, pharmacological and behavioural evidence suggests that the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), present in the small interneurones of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, plays an important role in circadian timekeeping. This has enabled the formulation of strategies for treatment of patients with manic depressive illness and certain sleep disorders in which disorders of circadian timekeeping may be fundamental.
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Time to start taking time seriously: how to investigate unexpected biological rhythms within infectious disease research.
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The discovery of rhythmicity in host and pathogen activities dates back to the Hippocratic era, but the causes and consequences of these biological rhythms have remained poorly understood. Rhythms in infection phenotypes or traits are observed across taxonomically diverse hosts and pathogens, suggesting general evolutionary principles. Understanding these principles may enable rhythms to be leveraged in manners that improve drug and vaccine efficacy or disrupt pathogen timekeeping to reduce virulence and transmission.
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