Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cytosol Antioxidant Systems of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) Exposed to Nanosized Titanium Dioxide.

In the present study, the interactions between nanoparticle (NP) exposure, root application and plants were examined. NPs are potentially responsible for conformational changes in polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, pectin, suberin and lignin molecules. 4 days of treatment with metal oxide caused a statistically significant increase in nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide oxidase activity in mitochondria and cytosol. Following exposure to TiONP, even lipid peroxidation levels decreased in the mitochondria (leaves, stem and root) and in the cytosol (leaves and root), although it increased in the cytosol of the stem. Malondialdehyde accumulation was found to be higher in the cytosol compared to the mitochondria of stems, and in the cytosol of leaves and roots. NPs caused alterations in metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activities (guaiacol peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) and the generation of oxidative stress. Effects caused by exposures to NPs were influenced by differences in metabolic responses in plant parts, plant compartments, the period of exposure and the NP doses.