Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy-From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches.

Front Immunol

Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

Published: July 2018

Genetics plays a crucial role in controlling susceptibility to infectious diseases by modulating the interplay between humans and pathogens. This is particularly evident in leprosy, since the etiological agent, , displays semiclonal characteristics not compatible with the wide spectrum of disease phenotypes. Over the past decades, genetic studies have unraveled several gene variants as risk factors for leprosy , disease clinical forms and the occurrence of leprosy reactions. As expected, several of these genes are immune-related; yet, hypothesis-free approaches have led to genes not classically linked to immune response. The , originally described as a Parkinson's disease gene, illustrates the case: Parkin-the protein coded by -was defined as an important player regulating innate and adaptive immune responses only years after its description as a leprosy susceptibility gene. Interestingly, even with the use of powerful hypothesis-free study designs such as genome-wide association studies, most of the major gene effect controlling leprosy susceptibility remains elusive. One hypothesis to explain this "hidden heritability" is that rare variants not captured by classic association studies are of critical importance. To address this question, massively parallel sequencing of large segments of the human genome-even whole exomes/genomes-is an alternative to properly identify rare, disease-causing mutations. These mutations may then be investigated through sophisticated approaches such as cell reprogramming and genome editing applied to create models for functional leprosy studies.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062607PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674DOI Listing

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