Different biochars produced by the impregnation of Mg, Ca, Al, Cu, and Fe were compared for the phosphate (P) uptake capacity and the effect on solution pH. Among them, Ca- and Mg-rich biochars demonstrate better sorption ability to P and have less effect on pH change. The optimum conditions of the pyrolysis processes were determined using response surface methodology. Comparison of the P removal efficiency of these two biochars under optimum conditions imply the superior adsorption capability of Ca-rich biochar. According to XRD analysis, calcite is the dominant mineral on the biochar surface, indicating the potential of Ca-rich biochar for P removal by adsorption and precipitation. Predictive second-order kinetic and linear Langmuir isotherm models could adequately interpret the P sorption process for optimized Ca-rich biochar. The maximum P sorption capacity of Ca-rich biochar of 153.85 mg/g is superior to other adsorbents reported in literature.
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