Novel bone wax based on tricalcium silicate cement and BGs mixtures.

Classic bone wax is effectively hemostatic and low-cost, but it has shortcomings like infection and nonabsorbability. A novel self-curing bone wax was developed by mixing tricalcium silicate (CS) cement and 58S bioactive glass/chitosan/carboxy methyl cellulose (BG/CS/CMC, referred to as BGs) to overcome these problems. It was found that the addition of BGs improved anti-washout and operational properties of CS, and CS had good self-curing and mechanical behavior. CS/BGs with a mass ratio of 2:1 possessed better material performance in the setting time, mechanical strength, and injection property in the test group. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation ability of CS/BGs. The cell compatibility was investigated in vitro by culturing mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1) in the extract of CS/BGs. The results showed that the bone wax compound presented low cytotoxicity and good cell proliferation.