Extracellular ATP (eATP) activates T cells by engaging the P2X7R receptor. We identified two loss-of-function P2X7R mutations that are protective against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and thus hypothesized that eATP/P2X7R signaling may represent an early step in T1D onset. Specifically, we observed that in patients with newly diagnosed T1D, P2X7R is upregulated on CD8 effector T cells in comparison with healthy control subjects. eATP is released at high levels by human/murine islets in vitro in high-glucose/inflammatory conditions, thus upregulating P2X7R on CD8 T cells in vitro. P2X7R blockade with oxidized ATP reduces the CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune response in vitro and delays diabetes onset in NOD mice. Autoreactive CD8 T-cell activation is highly dependent upon eATP/P2X7R-mediated priming, while a novel sP2X7R recombinant protein abrogates changes in metabolism and the autoimmune response associated with CD8 T cells. eATP/P2X7R signaling facilitates the onset of autoimmune T1D by fueling autoreactive CD8 cells and therefore represents a novel targeted therapeutic for the disorder.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db17-1227 | DOI Listing |
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