AI Article Synopsis
- This study examined the environmental impacts of sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) using the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus.
- The calculated effective concentration (EC) values indicated SMZ, SMX, and their mixture (11:1) showed varying toxicity levels, with the mixture being better predicted by concentration addition rather than independent action.
- Despite the toxicity levels being high, S. obliquus showed some ability to remove these contaminants, with significant enhancement in SMZ removal when combined with SMX, and the formation of multiple metabolites was identified through mass spectrometry analysis.
Article Abstract
This study investigated the environmental effects of two common emerging contaminants, sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and their mixture using a green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus. The calculated EC values of SMZ, SMX, and their mixture (11:1 wt/wt) after 96 h were 1.23, 0.12, and 0.89 mg L, respectively. The toxicity of the mixture could be better predicted using a concentration addition model than an independent action model. The risk quotients of SMZ, SMX, and their mixture were >1 during the experiment, indicating their high potential risks on aquatic microorganisms. Despite their toxicity, S. obliquus exhibited 17.3% and 29.3% removal of 0.1 mg L and 0.2 mg L after 11 days of cultivation. The changes of SMZ and SMX removal were observed when combined, which showed a significantly improved removal of SMZ (up to 3.4 folds) with addition of SMX (0.2 mg L). The metabolic pathways of SMZ and SMX were proposed according to mass spectroscopic analysis, which showed six metabolites of SMX and seven intermediates of SMZ, formed as a result of ring cleavage, hydroxylation, methylation, nitrosation, and deamination.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.049 | DOI Listing |
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