In natural aquatic systems water chemistry is complicated and fine particles encounter multiple water components simultaneously, yet the combined effects of some multiple components on the fate and transport of these particles have not been elucidated. In this study nTiO and illite colloid attachment to quartz sand was investigated in 1 mM NaCl and 0.5 mM CaCl background solutions using a range of phosphate concentrations (0 to 10 mg/L) at pH 5 and 9. The results obtained from the batch experiments indicated that without using phosphate, nTiO aggregation and attachment was strongly influenced by pH and Ca, both of which modified nTiO surface charges. nTiO attachment was high in CaCl solution at pH 9 due to attractive forces between nTiO and sand, as well as ripening. Furthermore, phosphate adsorption to nTiO was higher in CaCl solution at pH 9 than that at pH 5 due to attractive forces between nTiO and phosphate anions, and also potential surface precipitation of Ca-P minerals at pH 9. Phosphate adsorption to illite was low owing to strong repulsive forces between illite and phosphate. The effect of phosphate on nTiO and illite attachment to sand was influenced by pH and cation valency. A decreasing trend in nTiO attachment with phosphate addition was observed in NaCl solution at pH 5 and 9, and in CaCl solution at pH 5; however, in CaCl solution at pH 9, the surface charge of nTiO reversed from negative to positive and a substantial amount of nTiO attached to sand. Moreover, illite attachment to sand was much lower than that of nTiO under all the conditions tested in this study. These findings are important for understanding of the fate and transport of nTiO and illite colloids in natural aquatic systems where various anions and cations co-exist.
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