Short- and long-term outcome of males treated for anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature.

Purpose: To give an overview of existing studies on the short- and long-term outcome for males treated for anorexia nervosa and to compare the outcome between adolescents and adults as well as between males and females.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX and complemented by a manual search of the references from all relevant studies.

Results: Out of 1064 search results, 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. A combined total of 1129 males of varying age groups were followed 0.5-27 years post-treatment. For 1009 individuals, only vital status was ascertained. Length of follow-up and outcome definitions varied considerably. Limited data-especially in adults-prevented adequate age comparisons. In both adolescents and adults outcome and mortality differed widely across studies with no firm evidence for gender differences. Outcome in mixed samples of adolescents and adults was inconsistent. Studies rarely compared the genders statistically, and when they did, the results were nonsignificant.

Conclusions: Knowledge on the outcome of males treated for anorexia nervosa is scarce. Only few studies comprising insufficient numbers of males exist. Results based on these findings are inconclusive and in part contradicting. Further research is needed, including large sample sizes of reliably diagnosed males, adequate follow-up intervals, follow-up assessments with carefully defined outcome criteria, and comparisons to matched female patient samples.

Level Of Evidence: Level I, Systematic review.