Transcriptomics investigation of thyroid hormone disruption in the olfactory system of the Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana tadpole.

Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate vertebrate growth, development, and metabolism. Despite their importance, there is a need for effective detection of TH-disruption by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The frog olfactory system substantially remodels during TH-dependent metamorphosis and the objective of the present study is to examine olfactory system gene expression for TH biomarkers that can evaluate the biological effects of complex mixtures such as municipal wastewater. We first examine classic TH-response gene transcripts using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory bulb (OB) of premetamorphic Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana tadpoles after 48 h exposure to biologically-relevant concentrations of the THs, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T) and L-thyroxine (T), or 17-beta estradiol (E); a hormone that can crosstalk with THs. As the OE was particularly sensitive to THs, further RNA-seq analysis found >30,000 TH-responsive contigs. In contrast, E affected 267 contigs of which only 57 overlapped with THs suggesting that E has limited effect on the OE at this developmental phase. Gene ontology enrichment analyses identified sensory perception and nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation as the top affected terms for THs and E, respectively. Using classic and additional RNA-seq-derived TH-response gene transcripts, we queried TH-disrupting activity in municipal wastewater effluent from two different treatment systems: anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) and membrane enhanced biological phosphorous removal (MEBPR). While we observed physical EDC removal in both systems, some TH disruption activity was retained in the effluents. This work lays an important foundation for linking TH-dependent gene expression with olfactory system function in amphibians.