Atlas of tissue- and developmental stage specific gene expression for the bovine insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is fundamental for mammalian growth and development. However, no comprehensive reference data on gene expression across tissues and pre- and postnatal developmental stages are available for any given species. Here we provide systematic promoter- and splice variant specific information on expression of IGF system components in embryonic (Day 48), fetal (Day 153), term (Day 277, placenta) and juvenile (Day 365-396) tissues of domestic cow, a major agricultural species and biomedical model. Analysis of spatiotemporal changes in expression of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IGFBP1-8 and IR genes, as well as lncRNAs H19 and AIRN, by qPCR, indicated an overall increase in expression from embryo to fetal stage, and decrease in expression from fetal to juvenile stage. The stronger decrease in expression of lncRNAs (average -16-fold) and ligands (average -12.1-fold) compared to receptors (average -5.7-fold) and binding proteins (average -4.3-fold) is consistent with known functions of IGF peptides and supports important roles of lncRNAs in prenatal development. Pronounced overall reduction in postnatal expression of IGF system components in lung (-12.9-fold) and kidney (-13.2-fold) are signatures of major changes in organ function while more similar hepatic expression levels (-2.2-fold) are evidence of the endocrine rather than autocrine/paracrine role of IGFs in postnatal growth regulation. Despite its rapid growth, placenta displayed a more stable expression pattern than other organs during prenatal development. Quantitative analyses of contributions of promoters P0-P4 to global IGF2 transcript in fetal tissues revealed that P4 accounted for the bulk of transcript in all tissues but skeletal muscle. Demonstration of IGF2 expression in fetal muscle and postnatal liver from a promoter orthologous to mouse and human promoter P0 provides further evidence for an evolutionary and developmental shift from placenta-specific P0-expression in rodents and suggests that some aspects of bovine IGF expression may be closer to human than mouse.