Single-Cell Approach to Influenza-Specific CD8 T Cell Receptor Repertoires Across Different Age Groups, Tissues, and Following Influenza Virus Infection.

CD8 T cells recognizing antigenic peptides derived from conserved internal viral proteins confer broad protection against distinct influenza viruses. As memory CD8 T cells change throughout the human lifetime and across tissue compartments, we investigated how T cell receptor (TCR) composition and diversity relate to memory CD8 T cells across anatomical sites and immunological phases of human life. We used peptide-HLA tetramer magnetic enrichment, single-cell multiplex RT-PCR for both the TCR-alpha (TCRα) and TCR-beta (TCRβ) chains, and new TCRdist and grouping of lymphocyte interactions by paratope hotspots (GLIPH) algorithms to compare TCRs directed against the most prominent human influenza epitope, HLA-A*02:01-M1 (A2M1). We dissected memory TCR repertoires directed toward A2M1 CD8 T cells within human tissues and compared them to human peripheral blood of young and elderly adults. Furthermore, we compared these memory CD8 T cell repertoires to A2M1 CD8 TCRs during acute influenza disease in patients hospitalized with avian A/H7N9 virus. Our study provides the first comparative analysis of paired antigen-specific TCR-α/β clonotypes across different tissues and peripheral blood across different age groups. We show that human A2M1 CD8 T cells can be readily detected in human lungs, spleens, and lymph nodes, and that tissue A2M1 TCRαβ repertoires reflect A2M1 TCRαβ clonotypes derived from peripheral blood in healthy adults and influenza-infected patients. A2M1 TCRαβ repertoires displayed distinct features only in elderly adults, with large private TCRαβ clonotypes replacing the prominent and public TRBV19/TRAV27 TCRs. Our study provides novel findings on influenza-specific TCRαβ repertoires within human tissues, raises the question of how we can prevent the loss of optimal TCRαβ signatures with aging, and provides important insights into the rational design of T cell-mediated vaccines and immunotherapies.