State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Published: August 2017
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Three large container vessels over a tonnage of 40×10 t at berth in the Guangzhou Port were selected for determination of air pollutants in exhausts from auxiliary engines to obtain fuel-based emission factors (EFs). The fuel-based EFs for vessels A, B, and C at berth were 3096, 3031, and 3028 g·kg, respectively, for CO; 61.8, 19.9, and 27.0 g·kg for NO; 8.0, 4.0, and 5.3 g·kg for CO; 31.4, 41.9, and 56.7 g·kg for SO; 2.4, 1.1, and 1.5 g·kg for PM; and 0.13, 0.09, and 0.17 g·kg for VOCs. With the basic information about ship types, arrival times, and berthing times, the emissions of NO, CO, SO, PM, and NH from a ship at berth in the Guangzhou Port in 2014 were roughly estimated to be 1231, 226, 1229, 47.6 and 0.04 t, respectively, with ships with a tonnage of 10×10-50×10 t sharing the largest burdens, followed by ships over a tonnage of 50×10 t. Estimated emission of VOCs from ships at berth in the Guangzhou Port was about 33.6 t, with vessels below a tonnage of 3×10 t contributing the most.
Shipping emissions are a major contributor to air pollution in coastal cities, and Shanghai Port, the busiest port in the world, handles over 40 million TEU annually. To mitigate shipping emissions, China introduced the Domestic Emission Control Area (DECA) policy in phases: DECA 1.0 in 2016 and DECA 2.
To solve the optimization problem of tugboat scheduling for assisting ships in entering and exiting ports in uncertain environments, this study investigates the impact of the decisions of tugboat operators and port dispatchers on tugboat scheduling under the scenario of dynamic task arrival and fuzzy tugboat operation time. Considering the features of the shortest distance tugboat principle, the first available tugboat principle, and the principle of fairness in the task volume of each tugboat, the tugboat company aims to minimize the total daily fuel consumption of tugboat operations, maximize the total buffer time of dynamic tasks, and minimize the total completion time as the objective functions. Due to the limitations of port vessel berthing and departure, as well as the allocation standards for piloting or relocating tugboats, the present study proposes a Stackelberg game-based fuzzy model for port tugboat scheduling with the tugboat operator and port dispatcher acting as decision makers at the upper and lower levels, respectively.
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
Three large container vessels over a tonnage of 40×10 t at berth in the Guangzhou Port were selected for determination of air pollutants in exhausts from auxiliary engines to obtain fuel-based emission factors (EFs). The fuel-based EFs for vessels A, B, and C at berth were 3096, 3031, and 3028 g·kg, respectively, for CO; 61.8, 19.
Objective: Explore the hygienic status of indoor environment in railway air-conditioned passenger trains.
Methods: We carried out a hygienic investigation of various air-conditioned passenger trains on total 10 railway lines in Shanghai, Chengtu, Kunming, Harbin, Urumchi and Guangzhou railway bureaus for two years between July, 1997 and Oct., 1999.
