A redshift mechanism of high-order harmonics: Change of ionization energy.

We theoretically study the high-order harmonic generation of H and its isotopes beyond the Born-Oppenheimer dynamics. It is surprising that the spectral redshift can still be observed in high harmonic spectra of H driven by a sinusoidal laser pulse in which the trailing (leading) edge of the laser pulse is nonexistent. The results confirm that this spectral redshift originates from the reduction in ionization energy between recombination time and ionization time, which is obviously different from the nonadiabatic spectral redshift induced by the falling edge of the laser pulse. Additionally, the improved instantaneous frequency of harmonics by considering the changeable ionization energy can deeply verify our results. Therefore, this new mechanism must be taken into account when one uses the nonadiabatic spectral redshift to retrieve the nuclear motion.