ASCE 7 is moving toward adopting load requirements that are consistent with risk-informed design goals characteristic of performance-based engineering (PBE). ASCE 7-10 provided wind maps that correspond to return periods of 300, 700, and 1,700 years for Risk Categories I, II, and combined III/IV, respectively. The risk targets for Risk Categories III and IV buildings and other structures (designated as essential facilities) are different in PBE. The reliability analyses reported in this paper were conducted using updated wind load data to (1) confirm that the return periods already in ASCE 7-10 were also appropriate for risk-informed PBE, and (2) to determine a new risk-based return period for Risk Category IV. The use of data for wind directionality factor, , which has become available from recent wind tunnel tests, revealed that reliabilities associated with wind load combinations for Risk Category II structures are, in fact, consistent with the reliabilities associated with the ASCE 7 gravity load combinations. This paper shows that the new wind maps in ASCE 7-16, which are based on return periods of 300, 700, 1,700, and 3,000 years for Risk Categories I, II, III, and IV, respectively), achieve the reliability targets in Section 1.3.1.3 of ASCE 7-16 for nonhurricane wind loads.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002011 | DOI Listing |
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College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease. FMD has caused a significant economic impact globally due to direct losses and trade restrictions on animals and animal products. This study utilized multi-distance spatial cluster analysis, kernel density analysis, directional distribution analysis to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of historical FMD epidemics.
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January 2025
School of Geographic Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130102, China.
Climate change and human activities affect the biomass of different algal and the succession of dominant species. In the past, phytoplankton phyla inversion has been focused on oceanic and continental shelf waters, while phytoplankton phyla inversion in inland lakes and reservoirs is still in the initial and exploratory stage, and the research results are relatively few. Especially for mid-to-high latitude lakes, the research is even more blank.
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College of Ocean and Meteorology & South China Sea Institute of Marine Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, 524088, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.
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January 2025
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
Nanoscale Fourier transform infrared (Nano-FTIR) imaging and spectroscopy correlated with photoluminescence measurements of lunar Apollo samples with different surface radiation exposure histories reveal distinct physical and chemical differences associated with space weathering effects. Analysis of two sample fragments: an ilmenite basalt (12016) and an impact melt breccia (15445) show evidence of intrinsic or delivered Nd and an amorphous silica glass component on exterior surfaces, whereas intrinsic Cr and/or trapped electron states are limited to interior surfaces. Spatially localized 1050 cm/935 cm band ratios in Nano-FTIR hyperspectral maps may further reflect impact-induced shock nanostructures, while shifts in silicate band positions indicate accumulated radiation damage at the nanoscale from prolonged space weathering due to micrometeorites, solar wind, energetic x-rays and cosmic ray bombardment.
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January 2025
Department of Applied Biology, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain; Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Orihuela, Spain.
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