Validation of the use of p-aminobenzoic acid to determine completeness of 24 h urine collections in surveys of diet and nutrition.

Sodium intake is assessed using 24 h urinary excretion; it is important to ensure urine collections are complete. This can be validated by monitoring urinary excretion of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) administered in tablet form at intervals during the urine collection. Unavoidable change of PABA tablet supplier and analytical procedure required re-establishment of the thresholds consistent with a complete collection. Reference ranges for adults without reported intestinal or renal disease were determined by HPLC (70-103%) and colorimetry (84-120%). Some individuals excreted a small, measurable amount of PABA the following day but this did not represent the balance of the PABA ingested. Assay of the PABA tablets confirmed the stated dose (80 mg) and demonstrated their stability up to 8 years (duration of study) at room temperature. These tablets have been used and the reference ranges applied in UK national population surveys since 2008.