Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Calcium sulfate (CS) formulations are frequently implanted as antibiotically impregnated bone substitutes in orthopedic and trauma surgery to prevent or treat bone infections. Calcium ions have been discussed as candidates to accelerate blood coagulation. The goal of this study is to evaluate substance-specific influences of CS formulations on blood coagulation. Specific ELISAs were conducted to determine markers of activated blood coagulation after incubation of human blood with CS beads. Additionally, wettability with freshly drawn human blood was measured. Three different types of CS bone substitute beads were compared (CS dihydrate with tripalmitin, containing Gentamicin (Herafill-G: Group A) or Vancomycin (CaSO₄-V: Group B); and a CS hemihydrate with Tobramycin (Osteoset: Group C)). Examinations were performed by ELISA assays for F, FXIIa and C3a. Our results prove that none of the CS preparations accelerated single specific assays for activated coagulation markers. This allows the conclusion that neither Herafill-G (CaSO₄-G) nor CaSO₄-V alter haemostasis negatively. Blood samples incubated with Osteoset display an elevated F-activity. The addition of tripalmitin in Herafill-G shifts the original into a significantly hydrophobic formulation. This was additionally proven by contact angle examination of the three substances with freshly drawn human blood, showing that acceleration of plasmatic coagulation is hindered by lipids and induced by surface effects caused by presence of rapidly soluble calcium ions in the Osteoset preparation.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6025628 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11060935 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!