Spatial, Temporal, and Functional Assessment of LC3-Dependent Autophagy in Shigella flexneri Dissemination.

disseminates within the colonic mucosa by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of epithelial cells. Motile bacteria form membrane protrusions that project into adjacent cells and resolve into double-membrane vacuoles (DMVs) from which the bacteria escape, thereby achieving cell-to-cell spread. During dissemination, is targeted by LC3-dependent autophagy, a host cell defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens. The type III secretion system effector protein IcsB was initially proposed to counteract the recruitment of the LC3-dependent autophagy machinery to cytosolic bacteria. However, a recent study proposed that LC3 was recruited to bacteria in DMVs formed during cell-to-cell spread. To resolve the controversy and clarify the role of autophagy in infection, we tracked dissemination using live confocal microscopy and determined the spatial and temporal recruitment of LC3 to bacteria. This approach demonstrated that (i) LC3 was exclusively recruited to wild-type or bacteria located in DMVs and (ii) the mutant was defective in cell-to-cell spread due to failure to escape LC3-positive as well as LC3-negative DMVs. Failure of to escape DMVs correlated with late LC3 recruitment, suggesting that LC3 recruitment is the consequence and not the cause of DMV escape failure. Inhibition of autophagy had no positive impact on the spreading of wild-type or mutant bacteria. Our results unambiguously demonstrate that IcsB is required for DMV escape during cell-to-cell spread, regardless of LC3 recruitment, and do not support the previously proposed notion that autophagy counters dissemination.