Previous studies have shown that theca and granulosa cell layers in follicles do not play the same roles in mammals and birds, especially regarding the synthesis of estrogen. The functions of these two cell types have been well characterized in cattle, but they remain unclear in chickens. To clarify this issue, a comparison of small yellow follicles (SYFs) in chickens and cattle at different follicular development stages was done by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The modules obtained from WGCNA were used for further identification of the key genes associated with CYP19A1 expression. Module preservation analysis showed high similarity between cow_D (the follicular phase before the LH surge) and chicken_SYF (small yellow follicle between 6 and 8 mm in diameter) datasets, and 10 top hub genes highly associated with CYP19A1 expression in chicken SYFs were identified in each module. A comparison of the transcriptomes of theca and granulosa cells (TCs and GCs) between chicken SYFs and cattle follicles at the differentiation stage, as well as the aforementioned hub genes, revealed that ESR2 is a potential regulator of CYP19A1 expression in the theca cells of chicken SYFs. Furthermore, 197 cell-specific (179 in theca and 18 in granulosa) and 235 cell-biased expressed genes (196 in theca and 39 in granulosa) in chicken small yellow follicles were also identified by transcriptomic comparison of theca and granulosa cells.
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