Cognitive biases in orbital mass lesions - Lessons learned.

Purpose: A patient's presentation and clinical diagnosis can at times be clouded by their past medical history. Clinicians' anchoring bias towards initial information, such as a history of cancer, may lead them astray when creating a differential diagnosis for a patient who presents with new signs and symptoms of a mass lesion, assuming metastatic disease without seeking tissue confirmation.

Methods: The presentation, workup, diagnosis, and treatment of two patients who presented with orbital masses in the context of a primary prostate cancer are presented in this report.

Results: In both cases, prostate cancer metastasis to the orbit was top on the differential. Ultimately, histopathological examination of biopsies taken from the orbital masses revealed orbital lymphoma in both patients.

Conclusion: With mounting rates of patients who have survived a previous cancer, multiple primary cancers within one patient are becoming increasingly common. While prostate cancer metastasis to the orbit is a relatively rare event, orbital lymphoma is a more common diagnosis in orbital masses. Therefore, when patients present with orbital masses in the context of prostate cancer, the conclusion should not immediately be metastasis and a tissue diagnosis should be sought; especially given that the treatment of these entities is different.