Recent Advances in Treatment Strategies for Lupus Nephritis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs and tissues. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a serious complication of SLE, which occurs at a high rate. Conventional treatment strategies of LN have been widely accepted by two concepts such as induction therapy and maintenance therapy. In LN induction therapy until recently, cyclophosphamide in combination with prednisone (PSL) has been the standard method of treatment for proliferative forms of LN. In the latest review, the combination of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is also considered a standard treatment option. Furthermore, a multi-target therapy with tacrolimus (Tac) added to PSL and MMF, with reference to a regimen after organ transplantation has also been reported. In LN maintenance therapy, although recent reports have demonstrated that MMF, azathioprine, and Tac in combination with PSL may prevent renal flares, there is no definite opinion in the period of use or the method of tapering. On the contrary, there are also concepts of two mechanisms of therapy for LN, such as a treatment based on the immunological mechanism as an autoimmune disease and a treatment based on the non-immunological mechanism as a chronic kidney disease. Nephrologists need to continue searching for the best-mix treatment regimen according to various clinical findings. We review the options available for the treatment of LN, and summarize the results of recently published clinical trials that add new perspectives to the management of kidney disease in SLE.