Divergent drivers of leaf trait variation within species, among species, and among functional groups.

Understanding variation in leaf functional traits-including rates of photosynthesis and respiration and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus-is a fundamental challenge in plant ecophysiology. When expressed per unit leaf area, these traits typically increase with leaf mass per area () within species but are roughly independent of across the global flora. is determined by mass components with different biological functions, including photosynthetic mass that largely determines metabolic rates and contains most nitrogen and phosphorus, and structural mass that affects toughness and leaf lifespan (). A possible explanation for the contrasting trait relationships is that most variation within species is associated with variation in photosynthetic mass, whereas most variation across the global flora is associated with variation in structural mass. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that () gas exchange rates and nutrient concentrations per unit leaf area should increase strongly with across species assemblages with low variance but should increase weakly with across species assemblages with high variance and that () controlling for variation should increase the strength of the above relationships. We present analyses of intra- and interspecific trait variation from three tropical forest sites and interspecific analyses within functional groups in a global dataset that are consistent with the above predictions. Our analysis suggests that the qualitatively different trait relationships exhibited by different leaf assemblages can be understood by considering the degree to which photosynthetic and structural mass components contribute to variation in a given assemblage.