Microbiology of French military casualties repatriated from overseas for an open traumatic injury.

Background: This study aimed to describe the microbiological epidemiology of repatriated French soldiers with an open traumatic injury, and to measure the proportion of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB).

Methods: Retrospective study including all French soldiers repatriated in 2011 and 2012 in Parisian military hospitals for open traumatic injury. Results of clinical samples and MDRB screening were collected. The antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the agar disk diffusion method. Characterization of resistance mechanisms was performed using PCR. Genotyping of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) isolates was performed using rep-PCR.

Results: A total of 139 patients were included; 70% of them were repatriated from Afghanistan. At admission, 24/88 were positive for MDRB (28%), mainly ESBL-E but no carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium were identified. Forty-five patients had lesion sample collection, and 28/45 had a positive culture. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. For eight patients, a MDRB was isolated from the wound, mainly ESBL-E (7/8) but also one methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and one imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Among ESBL-E, the PCR evidenced the high prevalence of CTX-M15 enzymes. Rep-PCR performed on the 23 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates highlighted numerous profiles.

Conclusions: Controlling the spread of ESBL-E is currently challenging for French Armed Forces. Despite any evidence of an epidemic clone, a high-level compliance with hygiene precautions is required throughout the chain of care to avoid cross contamination.