Determination of l-cysteine origin on the basis of its δN values.

The majority of l-cysteine is obtained industrially by hydrolysis of animal materials, such as poultry feathers. Despite widespread belief, there is little evidence that human hair is used as a source material and its use is explicitly banned in the European Union (2000/63/EC decision). We developed an isotope ratio mass spectrometric (EA-IRMS) method to determine carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratio in cysteine preparations and related compounds, e.g. cystine and carbocysteine. A threshold relying on the N/N was established to differentiate between hair and feathers; a value below 6.6‰ indicates a poultry feathers origin. Global uncertainty of measurement was found to be 0.1‰ for δN (sample size of 0.5-1.8 mg).