Effects of concussions on visually guided motor actions: A literature review.

Athletes must be able to successfully navigate the soccer pitch or hockey rink to win the game, requiring maximal cognitive resources to successfully compete. Concussions potentially deplete these resources, and the long-term impact of concussions on an individual's goal-directed visually guided behavior continues to elude the scientific community. While the acute effects on cognition and the motor system have been elucidated elsewhere, long-term effects on performance have been less clear. Additionally, most investigations into long-term postinjury motor behaviors have focused on balance and gait, with little focus on functional upper extremity movements. These arm movements require both cognitive and motor functions to successfully complete the task, such as visually guided reaching, and have received little attention. This review examines the current state of the literature to date on the long-term effects of concussions on cognitive and motor deficits affecting visuomotor behavior.