Indirubin and isatin have been used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases due to their anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of indirubin and isatin on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). UC was induced by the administration of 3% (w/v) DSS solution, and then the model mice were administered indirubin (10 mg/kg body mass) and (or) isatin (10 mg/kg body mass) by gavage once daily for 7 days. The results showed that indirubin and isatin, individually or combined, significantly inhibited weight loss, lowered disease activity index (DAI), ameliorated pathological changes, decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and Foxp3, suppressed CD4 T cell infiltration, and inhibited oxidative stress and epithelial cell apoptosis. Additionally, indirubin and isatin, both individually and combined, can also inhibit activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways induced by DSS. The protective effect of combination therapy against UC was superior to that of single-agent treatment. These results suggest that indirubin combined with isatin attenuates DSS-induced UC, and changes to the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways may mediate the protective effects of indirubin and isatin in UC.
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as a potential drug in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a comprehensive review of current evidence.
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School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Plant P450 forms indigo and indirubin when expressed in Escherichia coli.
Phytochemistry
January 2025
School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA. Electronic address:
Indigo and indirubin are derived from indoxyl molecules, which generally occur as indoxyl glycosides in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) and other indigo-producing plants. Indoxyl glycosides are biosynthesized from indole via 3-hydroxylation to form indoxyl, followed by one or more glycosylations.
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Department of Korean Medicine, College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
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(Nees) Bremek () is an essential traditional Chinese herb that is commonly used to treat colds, fever, and influenza. Indole alkaloids, such as indigo and indirubin, are the primary active constituents of . The indole-producing reaction is crucial for regulating the flow of indole alkaloids metabolites along the pathways and coordinating primary and secondary product biosynthesis in plants.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF[Microbial community structure and transformation of indoles in soaking and fermentation of Indigo Naturalis].
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi
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The soaking and fermentation of Baphicacanthus cusia( Nees),the important intermediate link of Indigo Naturalis processing,facilitates the synthesis of indigo and indirubin precursors and the dissolution of endogenous enzymes and other effective components,while the role of microorganisms in the fermentation is ignored. The present study investigated the changes of microbial community structure in Indigo Naturalis processing based on 16 S amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics. Meanwhile,the contents of indigo,indirubin,isatin,tryptanthrin,indole glycoside,etc.
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