Ecology, Epidemiology and Disease Management of in Indonesia.

species complex phylotype IV strains, which have been primarily isolated from Indonesia, Australia, Japan, Korea, and Malaysia, have undergone recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes to be placed in the species . This species contains three subspecies; subsp. , a pathogen causing Sumatra disease of clove trees in Indonesia, subsp. , the causal pathogen of bacterial wilt disease on a wide range of host plants, and subsp. , the causal pathogen of blood disease on spp. In Indonesia, these three subspecies have devastated the cultivation of susceptible host plants which have high economic value. Limited knowledge on the ecology and epidemiology of the diseases has hindered the development of effective control strategies. In this review, we provide insights into the ecology, epidemiology and disease control of these three subspecies of .