Background: The Positive and Negative Effects of Psychotherapy Scale (PANEPS), a self report questionnaire to measure positive effects (PE) and unwanted events (UE) during the last psychotherapy (PT), was applied for the first time within a sample of patients with depression. The questionnaires applicability was tested and delivered first empirical results about PE and UE of a PT within this population.
Methods: The 43 items of the PANEPS were completed during an online survey by 135 persons with a current or previous depressive disorder. UE were further divided into side effects (SE), malpractice (MP) and unethical misconduct (UM). In addition, sociodemographic information (age, sex, state of relationship), details about previous psychotherapeutic treatment and the last therapy were collected. The PANEPS was tested and revised using a principal components analysis with varimax rotation.
Results: A four-factor solution was determined, reflecting the previously defined scales (PE, SE, MP, UM) and allowed for further reduction of the PANEPS. The final version of the PANEPS showed satisfactory to excellent internal consistency with between 0.72 and 0.92 A total of 95.6% of the participants reported at least one PE (=0-5, =3.3, =1.4) and 52.6% at least one UE (=0-14, =1.8, =2.9). From the sample, 38.5% reported at least one SE (=0-6, =0.8, =1.3), 26.7% at least one experience of MP (=0-10, =0.9, =1.9) und 8.1% at least one case of UM (=0-4, =0.1, =0.5). PE were negatively correlated with MP, but not with SE and UM. We found associations between characteristics of the sample and occurrence of WE and UE.
Discussion: Over half of the participants in our study confirmed presence of at least one UE as measured with the PANEPS, with unexpected high approval of at least one MP or UM. Especially the current symptomatology (PHQ-9) seems to be relevant for the approval of PE and UE of a PT. The negative association between PE and MP underlines the importance of guideline-oriented treatment for successful psychotherapy.
Conclusion: Side effects of psychotherapy are common in patients with depression and should be measured regularly.
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