Chlamydia and Lipids Engage a Common Signaling Pathway That Promotes Atherogenesis.

Background: Recent studies indicate that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling promote the development of high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice.

Objectives: The authors investigated the role of TLR4/MyD88 signaling in hematopoietic and stromal cells in the development and infection-mediated acceleration of atherosclerosis.

Methods: The authors generated bone marrow chimeras between wild-type and Tlr4 mice, as well as wild-type and Myd88 mice. All mice were on the Apoe background and fed high fat diet. The authors infected the chimeric mice with C. pneumoniae (CP) and fed them high fat diet.

Results: Aortic sinus plaques and lipid content were significantly reduced in Apoe mice that received Tlr4or Myd88 bone marrow compared with control animals despite similar cholesterol levels. Similarly, Tlr4 or Myd88 deficiency in stromal cells also led to a reduction in the lesion area and lipid in aortic sinus plaques. MyD88 expression only in CD11c+ dendritic cells (myeloid cells) in cells was sufficient in otherwise MyD88-deficient mice to induce CP infection-mediated acceleration of atherosclerosis, underlining the key role of MyD88 in CD11c+ dendritic cells (myeloid cells). Whereas CP infection markedly accelerated atherosclerosis in TLR4- or MyD88-positive chimeras, CP infection had a minimal effect on atherosclerosis in TLR4- or MyD88-deficient mice (either in the hematopoietic or stromal cell compartments).

Conclusions: The authors show that both CP infection and metabolic stress associated with dyslipidemia use the same innate immune response pathway, utilizing TLR4/MyD88 signaling, with similar relative contributions in bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells and in stromal cells. Further studies are required to understand this intricate and complex cross talk among innate and adaptive immune systems in various conditions to more effectively design dendritic cell-mediated atheroprotective vaccines and other therapeutic strategies.