Although preferred provider organizations (PPOs) sponsored by third parties are likely to offer benefits to society through increased competition, those sponsored by providers may generate a risk of anticompetitive collusion. Such cartellike collusion could result in price fixing, less aggressive utilization review, and restrictions on entry and innovation in the market. In this article, we provide guidance on the potential risks posed by provider-sponsored PPOs. We suggest that public policy should generally promote PPOs and remove regulatory barriers to their growth because of their cost containment potential. Policy design should, however, reflect an awareness of the potential anticompetitive outcomes of provider-sponsored PPOs and should promote antitrust oversight of their activities.
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Sad Art Gives Voice to Our Own Sadness.
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Program in Cognitive Science and Department of Philosophy, Yale University.
People tend to show greater liking for expressions of sadness when these expressions are described as art. Why does this effect arise? One obvious hypothesis would be that describing something as art makes people more likely to regard it as fictional, and people prefer expressions of sadness that are not real. We contrast this obvious hypothesis with a hypothesis derived from the philosophical literature.
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Front Immunol
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School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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