Habitat orientation alters the outcome of interspecific competition: A microcosm study with zooplankton grazers.

Habitat orientation has recently been demonstrated to affect the foraging behavior, growth, and production of plankton grazers. Because the orientation effect may vary with species, we hypothesize that habitat orientation may alter interspecific interactions between animal species. We experimentally investigated how habitat orientation (placing cuboid chambers in three orientations with long, medium, and small side as the chamber height) affected the interaction between two common cladoceran species, and , which competitively exploited green algae of at two volume scales (64 and 512 ml). Results show that chamber orientation and volume additively affected the behavior and species performance of the grazers. Specifically, both grazer species generally decreased their average swimming velocity, grazing rate (on algal cells), body size, and survival and reproduction rates with increasing chamber height for both chamber volumes and with decreasing chamber volume regardless of chamber orientation. Nevertheless, the decrease magnitude was greater for with increasing chamber height but was greater for with decreasing chamber volume. Correspondingly, when cocultured, the density ratio of to increased with increasing chamber height but decreased with decreasing chamber volume. At the end of the experiment, none of individuals survived in the small and short (large-based) chambers, and few individuals survived in large and tall (small-based) chambers. These results indicate that both habitat orientation and size affect the outcome of interspecific competition between grazer species. We suggest that variation in habitat orientation may improve community coexistence and species diversity in nature.