Enhanced Visualization: From Intraoperative Tissue Differentiation to Augmented Reality.

Background: Optimal visualization of the operative field and methods that additionally provide supportive optical information form the basis for target-directed and successful surgery. This article strives to give an overview of current enhanced visualization techniques in visceral surgery and to highlight future developments.

Methods: The article was written as a comprehensive review on this topic and is based on a MEDLINE search and ongoing research from our own group and from other working groups.

Results: Various techniques for enhanced visualization are described comprising augmented reality, unspecific and targeted staining methods, and optical modalities such as narrow-band imaging. All facilitate our surgical performance; however, due to missing randomized controlled studies for most of the innovations reported on, the available evidence is low.

Conclusion: Many new visualization technologies are emerging with the aim to improve our perception of the surgical field leading to less invasive, target-oriented, and elegant treatment forms that are of significant benefit to our patients.