In recent years, fundamental research has yielded new insights into tumour biology, and new treatments have been developed. This review highlights the role of the pathologist and how he can support clinicians to find the right treatment for each patient. We explain the problems of the molecular subgroups of bladder cancer, the role of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in the context of these findings, and show the important role of checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore we focus on kidney cancer, with the clear cell carcinoma as the most frequent tumour type. We briefly consider prostate cancer, which as a hormone-dependent tumour probably requires different therapies. We also try to show the feasibility and the limits of pathology with the emerging tumour markers.
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