Priapism and hemodialysis: Case report and literature review .

Background: Priapism is a known but rarely described complication of patients on dialysis. The incidence of priapism in the general population is estimated at 1.5 in 100,000 patients and 2.9 in 100,000 patients in males over 40 years of age; however there is little current literature describing priapism in adult dialysis patients and no current literature in pediatric dialysis patients [1]. We describe two pediatric patients who developed priapism concurrent with hemodialysis, each with differing severity and therapeutic management. Case diagnosis/treatment: Two adolescent males presented with painful erection during a chronic hemodialysis treatment. Patient 1 required urologic intervention for management and treatment. Further medical treatment subsequently led to pseudoephedrine intoxication which self-resolved. Patient 2's priapism course self-resolved with adjustment in hemoglobin targets and did not require further surgical or medical intervention. Neither had recurrent episodes of priapism with careful management to maintain hemoglobin levels between 11 and 12 g/dL.

Conclusion: Priapism is a rarely reported complication of dialysis in adult patients and has not been described in pediatric dialysis patients. The etiology remains unclear but is hypothesized to be multifactorial including heparin-associated effects and epoetin administration. In our patients, commonality between the two included presumed high androgen levels (given age) and borderline to high hemoglobin levels in patients receiving epoetin alfa. This in combination with prior studies highlights the possible role epoetin administration may play. The role of heparin remains a possibility but is unclear. Further studies are needed to more clearly elucidate the etiology.
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