Demethylator phenotypes in acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) often harbors mutations in epigenetic regulators, and also has frequent DNA hypermethylation, including the presence of CpG island methylator phenotypes (CIMPs). Although global hypomethylation is well known in cancer, the question of whether distinct demethylator phenotypes (DMPs) exist remains unanswered. Using Illumina 450k arrays for 194 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we identified two distinct DMPs by hierarchical clustering: DMP.1 and DMP.2. DMP.1 cases harbored mutations in NPM1 (94%), FLT3 (71%) and DNMT3A (61%). Surprisingly, only 40% of patients with DNMT3A mutations were DMP.1, which has implications for mechanisms of transformation by this mutation. In contrast, DMP.2 AML was comprised of patients with t(8;21), inv(16) or t(15;17), suggesting common methylation defects connect these disparate rearrangements. RNA-seq revealed upregulated genes functioning in immune response (DMP.1) and development (DMP.2). We confirmed these findings by integrating independent 450k data sets (236 additional cases), and found prognostic effects by DMP status, independent of age and cytogenetics. The existence of DMPs has implications for AML pathogenesis and may augment existing tools in risk stratification.