Radical scavenging effects of 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and their sulfate-conjugates.

1-Naphthol (1-Nap) and 2-naphthol (2-Nap) are phenolic isomers that may be subjected to sulfate conjugation in vivo. Phase-II sulfate conjugation of phenolic compounds is generally thought to result in their inactivation. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidative effects of 1-NapS and 2-NapS, in comparison with their unsulfated counterparts, using established free radical scavenging assays. Based on the calculated EC values, 1-NapS resulted in 5.60 to 7.35-times lower antioxidative activity than 1-Nap. In contrast, 2-NapS showed comparable activities as did the unsulfated 2-Nap. Collectively, the results obtained indicated that sulfate conjugation of the Nap isomers did not always result in the decrease of their antioxidant activity, and the antioxidant activity that remained appeared to depend on the position of sulfation.