Deficits in neuronal function and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are believed to be linked to microglial activation. A hallmark of reactive microglia is the upregulation of mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) expression. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that measures the distribution of trace doses of radiolabeled compounds in the body over time. PET imaging using the 2nd generation TSPO tracer [C]PBR28 provides an opportunity for accurate visualization and quantification of changes in microglial density in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we describe the methodology for the in vivo use of [C]PBR28 in AD patients and the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD and compare the results against healthy individuals and wild-type controls. To confirm the results, autoradiography with [H]PBR28 and immunochemistry was carried out in the same mouse brains. Our data shows that [C]PBR28 is suitable as a tool for in vivo monitoring of microglial activation and may be useful to assess treatment response in future studies.
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