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Interactions among plants, bacteria, and fungi reduce extracellular enzyme activities under long-term N fertilization. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - The study looked at how adding nitrogen to forests affects the ground's ability to break down organic matter, which is important for soil health.
  • - Researchers found that when trees received more nitrogen, they sent less carbon to their roots, which changed the types of bacteria and fungi in the soil.
  • - The changes in bacterial communities and enzyme activity showed that the whole ecosystem reacts to more nitrogen, not just the fungi as previously thought.

Article Abstract

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has enhanced soil carbon (C) stocks in temperate forests. Most research has posited that these soil C gains are driven primarily by shifts in fungal community composition with elevated N leading to declines in lignin degrading Basidiomycetes. Recent research, however, suggests that plants and soil microbes are dynamically intertwined, whereby plants send C subsidies to rhizosphere microbes to enhance enzyme production and the mobilization of N. Thus, under elevated N, trees may reduce belowground C allocation leading to cascading impacts on the ability of microbes to degrade soil organic matter through a shift in microbial species and/or a change in plant-microbe interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which couplings among plant, fungal, and bacterial responses to N fertilization alter the activity of enzymes that are the primary agents of soil decomposition. We measured fungal and bacterial community composition, root-microbial interactions, and extracellular enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, bulk, and organic horizon of soils sampled from a long-term (>25 years), whole-watershed, N fertilization experiment at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We observed significant declines in plant C investment to fine root biomass (24.7%), root morphology, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization (55.9%). Moreover, we found that declines in extracellular enzyme activity were significantly correlated with a shift in bacterial community composition, but not fungal community composition. This bacterial community shift was also correlated with reduced AM fungal colonization indicating that declines in plant investment belowground drive the response of bacterial community structure and function to N fertilization. Collectively, we find that enzyme activity responses to N fertilization are not solely driven by fungi, but instead reflect a whole ecosystem response, whereby declines in the strength of belowground C investment to gain N cascade through the soil environment.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5980773PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14081DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

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