Pediatric Ureteroscopy.

In recent years, the incidence of nephrolithiasis in the pediatric population appears to be increasing. This has placed a new emphasis on surgical management of stones in children. In the past, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy was the preferred management technique for stones in children. More recently, though, advances in endoscopy have allowed ureteroscopy to be adapted to the pediatric population and this approach has become more frequently utilized not just for lower ureteral calculi but also for proximal ureteral and renal stones.