Seed germination begins the growth phases of plants and its rate is affected not only by plant hormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs), but also by environmental factors. In this study, we searched for additional chemical reagents that affect seed germination, using the det2-1 and ga1-3 mutants that showed reduced seed germination due to defective BR- or GA- biosynthesis, respectively. We found that the reducing reagent dithiothreitol (DTT) specifically enhanced seed germination of det2-1 compared with that of ga1-3. To further investigate the underlying molecular mechanism for this phenomenon, we identified AtGOLS1 as a differentially expressed gene in germinating seeds treated with DTT by GeneFishing analysis. AtGOLS1 encodes a galactinol synthase, critical for the first step in raffinose family oligosaccharides synthesis during seed maturation. We observed that expression of AtGOLS1 decreased when conditions were favorable for seed germination. We also determined that the seed germination rate was faster in T-DNA knockout atgols1 mutant and transgenic plants transformed with an RNA interference construct targeting AtGOLS1 compared with wild type plants. The double mutant of det2-1 and atgols1 also suppressed the reduced seed germination of the det2-1. Taken together, our results suggest that AtGOLS1 acts as a negative regulator in seed germination.
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