Internal temperature of quantum chaotic systems at the nanoscale.

The extent to which a temperature can be appropriately assigned to a small quantum system, as an internal property but not as a property of any large environment, is still an open problem. In this paper, a method is proposed for solving this problem, by which a studied small system is coupled to a two-level system as a probe, the latter of which can be measured by measurement devices. A main difficulty in the determination of possible temperature of the studied system comes from the back-action of the probe-system coupling to the system. For small quantum chaotic systems, we show that a temperature can be determined, the value of which is sensitive to neither the form, location, and strength of the probe-system coupling, nor the Hamiltonian and initial state of the probe. The temperature thus obtained turns out to have the form of Boltzmann temperature.