Elemental imaging of heterogeneous inorganic archaeological samples by means of simultaneous laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements.

Multilayered fragments of murals were used to evaluate the usefulness of two laser-based instrumental methods: laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for elemental imaging of unique historic samples. Simultaneous LA/LIBS measurements with the use of 266nm Nd:YAG laser were performed on cross-sections of mediaeval Nubian objects with specific blue painting layers including either Egyptian blue (CaCuSiO) or lapis lazuli (NaAlSiOS). A combined use of both laser-based methods allowed for clear distinguishing of blue pigments based on visual imaging of a chemical composition of heterogeneous archaeological inorganic samples. The identification of the pigments was confirmed with Raman spectroscopy.