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Autophagy is activated and involved in cell death with participation of cathepsins during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in barley. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • Microspores can be reprogrammed into embryos through stress, but many die in the process, limiting embryogenesis efficiency.
  • Autophagy, which helps manage stress and cell death, is linked to cathepsins—proteins involved in breakdown processes—though less is known about this in plants.
  • In a study on barley (Hordeum vulgare), stress increased cell death and activated autophagy, while cathepsins were shown to play a significant role, suggesting that modulating these pathways could improve embryogenesis success.

Article Abstract

Microspores are reprogrammed towards embryogenesis by stress. Many microspores die after this stress, limiting the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that plays critical roles in stress response and cell death. In animals, cathepsins have an integral role in autophagy by degrading autophagic material; less is known in plants. Plant cathepsins are papain-like C1A cysteine proteases involved in many physiological processes, including programmed cell death. We have analysed the involvement of autophagy in cell death, in relation to cathepsin activation, during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Hordeum vulgare. After stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death increased and autophagy was activated, including HvATG5 and HvATG6 up-regulation and increase of ATG5, ATG8, and autophagosomes. Concomitantly, cathepsin L/F-, B-, and H-like activities were induced, cathepsin-like genes HvPap-1 and HvPap-6 were up-regulated, and HvPap-1, HvPap-6, and HvPap-19 proteins increased and localized in the cytoplasm, resembling autophagy structures. Inhibitors of autophagy and cysteine proteases reduced cell death and promoted embryogenesis. The findings reveal a role for autophagy in stress-induced cell death during microspore embryogenesis, and the participation of cathepsins. Similar patterns of activation, expression, and localization suggest a possible connection between cathepsins and autophagy. The results open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency with autophagy and/or cysteine protease modulators.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6019037PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx455DOI Listing

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