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| http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fsoa-2017-0064 | DOI Listing |
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Chitosan immunomodulation: insights into mechanisms of action on immune cells and signaling pathways.
RSC Adv
January 2025
Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal Montreal QC Canada
Chitosan, a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer composed of β-(1-4)-linked -acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) and d-glucosamine (GlcN) and derived from crustacean shells, has been widely studied for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, cartilage repair, wound healing, and tissue engineering, because of its unique physicochemical properties. One of the most promising areas of research is the investigation of the immunomodulatory properties of chitosan, since the biopolymer has been shown to modulate the maturation, activation, cytokine production, and polarization of dendritic cells and macrophages, two key immune cells involved in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to enhanced immune responses. Several signaling pathways, including the cGAS-STING, STAT-1, and NLRP3 inflammasomes, are involved in chitosan-induced immunomodulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Paradoxical Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitosan in Biomedicine.
Polymers (Basel)
December 2024
School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
Chitosan is widely explored in the field of biomedicine due to its abundance and reported properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, mucoadhesion, and anti-microbial activity. Although our understanding of the immune response to chitosan has evolved, confusion remains regarding whether chitosan is a pro- or anti-inflammatory biomaterial. Tackling this knowledge gap is essential for the translation of chitosan-based biomaterials to clinical use.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdvances in bio-polymer coatings for probiotic microencapsulation: chitosan and beyond for enhanced stability and controlled release.
Des Monomers Polym
December 2024
Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
This review paper analyzes recent advancements in bio-polymer coatings for probiotic microencapsulation, with a particular emphasis on chitosan and its synergistic combinations with other materials. Probiotic microencapsulation is essential for protecting probiotics from environmental stresses, enhancing their stability, and ensuring effective delivery to the gut. The review begins with an overview of probiotic microencapsulation, highlighting its significance in safeguarding probiotics through processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInfluence of Chitosan Purification on the Immunomodulator Potential of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Human Monocytes.
Polymers (Basel)
November 2024
Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico.
The deproteinization of chitosan is a necessary purification process for materials with biomedical purposes; however, chitosan sourcing and purification methods can modify its molecular weight, deacetylation degree, and residual proteins. These factors affect the reactive groups that affect the immunomodulatory activities of cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes; considering this activity is key when developing successful and functional biomaterials. Here, two brands of chitosan were purified and used to synthesize nanoparticles to evaluate their immunomodulatory effect on monocyte and macrophage differentiation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBioactive Potential of Chitosan-Oleic Acid Nanoparticles Loaded with Lemon Peel Essential Oil for Topical Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.
Molecules
December 2024
CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
The rising incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) has been leading to the development of alternative antifungal therapies. This study aimed to develop a topical chitosan-oleic acid nanoparticle (CH-OA-NP) cream loaded with lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) for VVC treatment. The characterization of the optimal nanoparticle formulation (F4: 10 g/L CH, 2:1 OA/LPEO ratio) showed high encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release.
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