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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most frequent disease treated at the Avène hydrotherapy center. Children represent a large part of the population due to the high prevalence of AD in early childhood. Avène thermal spring water (ATSW) has been known for its therapeutic effects since the middle of the 18 century. It has been greatly studied over the last decades, with a comprehensive fundamental, pharmaco-clinical and clinical approach. Cohort studies using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) clinical score and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) or the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index [CDLQI]) quality of life scores, allowed to confirm the clinical results obtained from the previous studies. These results were corroborated by clinical trials conducted in atopic patients outside the Avène hydrotherapy center, allowing to demonstrate the specific effect of the ATSW. Pharmacological and pharmaco-clinical studies evidenced several effects that could explain the healing effect of ATSW: effect on histamine release, anti-inflammatory effects on standardized models, immuno-modulation of some cytokines involved in DA physiopathology (interferon [INF], interleukin 2 and 4 [IL-2, IL-4]), improvement of keratinocyte differentiation, effect on the skin microbioma by promoting the development of a diversified non-pathogenic flora. In addition, an original microorganism, Aquaphilus dolomiae, never described in another medium, has very recently been identified in the ATSW. Aquaphilus dolomiae is responsible for significant pharmacological activities on inflammation, pruritus and enhancement of innate immunity. This set of works confirms the medical significance of the hydrotherapy which should be considered as a complementary care in the sometimes difficult management of AD.